The feast was first established in 496 by Pope Gelasius I in recognition of those "...whose names are justly reverenced among men, but whose acts are known only to God." Not much was known, even then, about the lives of these three, except that they were martyrs.
One was a priest in Rome
One was a bishop of Interamna
One was a martyr in the Roman province of Africa
Even though we don't have a thorough history of them, at least one did actually exist as archaeologists have unearthed a Roman catacomb and an ancient church dedicated to Saint Valentine.
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